“The exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between low testosterone and OA are complex and multifactorial. Testosterone is known to have anabolic effects on muscle and bone tissue and plays a critical role in maintaining cartilage health by modulating chondrocyte activity and reducing inflammation. Testosterone deficiency has been linked to cartilage degradation and joint dysfunction, increasing the susceptibility to OA. One of the key mechanisms through which testosterone influences OA risk is its modulation of inflammatory cytokines.” Ma N, Gao F. Correlation between low testosterone levels and the risk of osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data (2011-2016). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025 Jan 7;26(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-08272-6. PMID: 39773699; PMCID: PMC11706034. #kneepain #testosterone #osteoarthritis